Ko ngā papa uku te kaupapa matua o te whakahaere tukunga hau pūkoro mai i te tīmatanga o te hangarau i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1970 i te wā i whakawhanakehia ai e Corning te cordierite hangai me te mate mo te whakaputanga honikoma uku. E whakakīia ana ngā papa honikoma ki ngā mano tini o ngā awa iti, whakarara e tuwhera ana i ia pito, e āhei ai te putanga hau o te waka ki te rere. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei awa he mata nui o roto hei tautoko i te mahi whakatere. Ina rite te rahi o te papa ki te kēne houra, ko tōna mata o roto (tae atu ki te koti horoi mata teitei) he mata rite te rahi ki te papa whutupaoro Amerika.
Ka taea e ēnei papa te tu atu i ngā pāmahana teitei >1100°C (2000°F) ā, he tino ātete ki ngā ru wera (kia ora ai i ngā wera tere i ngā ata makariri). He tino urutau ēnei papa, ā, ka taea te tango i te whānuitanga o ngā whakatakotoranga whakakorikori hei whakakore i te parahanga mai i te penehīni, te tīhiera, te hau māori, te hauwai me ētahi atu wahie.
Ka pania te papa kua oti ki te huinga o ngā rauemi whakaterenga e tika ana, ka huri hei taiwhanga matū iti, ā, ka taea te tukatuka pai i ngā rahinga nui o te hauā. I ngā pāmahana teitei o te mīhini e mahi ana, ka tūtaki ngā hauā pērā i ngā waikura hauota me te hauota waro ki te whakaterenga, ā, ka hurihia hei hauota me te wai kore kino, me te hauā waro iti ake te kino.
Ko ngā papa uku arumoni tuatahi he iti te kiato pūtau (tata ki te 200 pūtau/in2) me ngā pakitara matotoru (tata ki te 12 mil, 0.012” rānei, 0.3 mm rānei) me te rōrahi papa e tata ana ki te whā ngā wā o te nekehanga miihini (arā, te rōrahi rango o te miihini). I te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi me te hangarau tukatuka, ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā kiato pūtau, ngā pakitara angiangi, me ngā porosity teitei ake.
I roto i ngā waka penehīni, waka ranu rānei o Amerika o ēnei rā, e rua, e toru rānei ngā papa e mahi ana hei whakatutuki i ngā paerewa tukunga hau pakari o Amerika. Mai i te mīhini, ko ngā papa e hono tata ana me te kiato pūtau teitei e whakarato ana i te nui o te horahanga mata āhuahanga hei tuku i te whakakorikori ki te mahi i ngā huringa hau tuatahi. I te tūranga o raro i te papa he papa kiato pūtau iti ake hei āwhina i te horoi i ngā tukunga whakamutunga.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-12-2026